Which term describes a novel that represents historical events and characters under the guise of fiction?

The term that describes a novel representing historical events and characters under the guise of fiction is known as a roman à clef. This term refers to a narrative that incorporates real-life events, people, and circumstances, but presents them in a fictionalized manner. The "key" in the term suggests that while the author has created a fictional narrative, there is a deeper connection to real history that readers may recognize. This genre often serves to explore complex themes or critiques of society and politics, allowing the author to engage with true stories in a more imaginative and sometimes safer way.

In contrast, historical fiction typically incorporates actual historical events and characters more directly, blending them into a fictional story without the coded nature of a roman à clef. A biographical novel focuses on the life of a particular individual, weaving together factual biographical details with fictional narrative elements, but is more explicit about its subject matter. A memoir is a personal account of an individual’s experiences and does not use fictionalization at all. These distinctions clarify why roman à clef is the correct term in this context.