In literary terms, which word denotes a humorous or mocking reference to someone or something?

The term that best fits the description of a humorous or mocking reference to someone or something is "parody." Parody involves imitating the style of a particular genre or work, often to create a comedic effect or to criticize the original work. It takes recognizable elements of the text being referenced—such as character traits, plot devices, or thematic concerns—and exaggerates or twists them in a way that highlights their shortcomings or absurdities. This makes parody a powerful form of commentary, as it both entertains and critiques through humor.

Irony refers to a situation or expression where the opposite of what is expected occurs, but it does not inherently rely on humor or mockery. Sarcasm is a more direct form of verbal irony often used to convey contempt or disdain, and it may not always involve humor in a constructive or lighthearted way. Facetiousness implies a joking or playful attitude, but it too does not necessarily embody the specific imitation and critique that characterizes parody.